| Photo Information |
Copyright: Aleksa Stojkovic (AleksaSrbin)
![Gold Star Critiquer/Gold Note Writer [C: 1307 W: 4 N: 156]](http://i1.treklens.com/misc/g-n-g.gif) (17857) |
| Genre: People |
| Medium: Color |
| Date Taken: 2009-05-19 |
| Categories: Artwork |
| Camera: NikonD70 |
| Exposure: f/3.5, 1/20 seconds |
| More Photo Info: [view] |
| Photo Version: Original Version |
| Date Submitted: 2009-05-25 11:11 |
| Viewed: 470 |
| Points: 16 |
|
| [Note Guidelines] Photographer's Note |
Stefan Nemanja, freska iz Bogorodice Ljeviške (početak XIV veka)
Stefan Nemanja (ponekad Stevan, crkvenoslovenski: Стѣфань; rođen oko 1113[1], umro 13.02.1199.[1]) je bio veliki župan Raške, rodonačelnik vladarske dinastije Nemanjića i tvorac najmoćnije srpske države u srednjem veku. Smatra se jednim od najznačajnijih srpskih vladara[2] i jednim od, zajedno sa sinom Savom, utemeljivača Srpske pravoslavne crkve, koja ga slavi kao svetog Simeona Mirotočivog. Doba njegove vladavine predstavlja prelomni period, kako u istoriji Srba, tako i u njihovoj kulturi[3].
Kao najmlađi sin vlastelina Zavide, zbacio je između 1166. i 1168. godine svog najstarijeg brata Tihomira i vrhovnu vlast Vizantije. Nakon propasti antivizantijske koalicije, u kojoj je učestvovao, 1172. godine Nemanja se predao vizantijskom caru Manojlu Komninu (1143—1180) i priznao ga za svog suverena. Posle njegove smrti 1180. godine, započeo je napade na vizantijsku teritoriju i završio širenje svoje vlasti na sve okolne srpske oblasti (Kosovo, Zeta, Travunija, Zahumlje i Neretvljanska oblast), osim Bosne. Njegova ekspanzija je okončana porazom na Moravi 1190. godine, nakon čega je Raška ponovo postala vizantijski vazal, ali je Nemanji priznat veći deo dotadašnjih osvajanja.
Na unutrašnjem planu, okrenuo se učvršćivanju vlasti u zemlji. Sazvao je sabor protiv bogumila u Raškoj, nakon čega se, uz pomoć vojske, surovo[4] obračunao sa sledbenicima ovog učenja, koje je smatrano jeretičkim. Na međunarodnom planu je ulazio u velike saveze protiv Vizantije, šaljući svoje poslanike čak u Nirnberg na pregovore sa svetim rimskim carem Fridrihom Barbarosom (1155—1190), ali je bio i odan vazal Manojlu Komninu, šaljući mu pomoćne vojne odrede koji su učestvovali i u bici kod Miriokefalona 1176. godine.
Njegovu vladavinu karakteriše početak podizanja monumentalnih vladarskih zadužbina, kao i pojava autentičnog srpskog stila u sakralnoj arhitekturi, poznatog kao Raški stil, za čiji početak se uzima njegovo podizanje manastira Đurđevi Stupovi. Pored njega, Nemanja je podigao i obnovio čitav niz crkava i manastira, među kojima treba istaći manastire: Studenicu (koju je podigao sebi kao mauzolej) i Hilandar, koji je obnovio iz temelja sa sinom Savom 1198. godine[5]. Krajem njegove vladavine, nastala je i najstarija, danas sačuvana, ćirilična knjiga pisana srpskom redakcijom staroslovenskog jezika, Miroslavljevo jevanđelje, pisano za njegovog starijeg brata, humskog kneza Miroslava.
Povukao se sa vlasti i zamonašio na saboru 1196. godine, a za svog naslednika je odredio srednjeg sina Stefana (veliki župan 1196—1217, kralj 1217—1228), u dogovoru sa vizantijskim carem Isakom II (1185—1195, 1203—1204), čijom ćerkom Evdokijom je Stefan bio oženjen. Preminuo je kao monah Simeon u manastiru Hilandar, a njegove mošti su 1208. godine prenete u manastir Studenicu, u kome se i danas nalaze.
Stefan Nemanja (Old Church Slavonic: Стѣфань, Serbian: Стефан Немања, pronounced [ˈstɛfaːn 'nɛmaɲa]) (1109 – 13 February 1199) was a Medieval Serb nobleman, descended from the Vukanović who was Grand Prince (Serbian: Велики Жупан) of the medieval Serb state of Rascia (Рашка) from 1166 to 1199. He established control over the territories of neighboring Serb states, including Zeta/Doclea, and unified them into a single state. He founded the Nemanjić dynasty and became recognized as an Orthodox Christian Saint (Symeon) after numerous miracles following his death.
Nemanja was born in 1109, in Ribnica, one of the largest continental towns of Doclea/Zeta. He was the firstborn son of Zavida, allegedly exiled Serb Prince of Zachlumia, of the House of Vojislavljević, although, for this claim, there are no evidence. Real identity about Zavida and his religion is still dubious. As Zeta had an overwhelming Roman Catholic influence, Nemanja was baptised by a Catholic Priest. Stefan, Nemanja's biographer, wrote: And as in that land were Latin heretics; so by God's will (Nemanja) in that temple received Latin Christianity. In Nemanja's honour, a Monastery of Saint Peter and Paul was later raised at the place of his birth.
Although of noble descent, Nemanja had a humble childhood in an uncomfortable house made of solid stone, with cotton and cloth-made curtains to protect the interior from the sun and the doors and floor covered by many-coloured sheets. At nighttime, the house was lit by candles and lanterns, unlike the ordinary poor housings. Ordinarily, all precious objects were held in a chest to which only the house elder possessed a key. As bedsheets were very rare in those days, even for the wealthiest, Nemanja often slept at the floor, covered only with fur. Later were mattresses, plumes and straw-mattresses used. The main types of food eaten were herbal, bread (unleavened or otherwise), gruel and meat or cheese pies. The most used nutritious product was, naturally, cheese, but pig and goat meat was used substantially as well. Of the pigs' products, the most appreciated was ham and bacon. Much rarer was fish and game on the menu. The standard drinks on Nemanja's table were wine and mead.
Nemanja spent his free time hunting quails, partridges and other birds, which was considered a noble trade. He received the most prestige for capturing falcons. He used to take part in regular falcon captures in the hills near Kotor and their training grounds to help men hunt. Beside hunting, martial games were also an important aspect of Nemanja's life. Nemanja learned to handle swords, as well as to shoot from bows and slings. Nemanja often participated, as was usual for those times, in numerous feasts that always came with dancing, most notably the kolo. The most often played instruments were pipes, fiddles, bagpipes and horns. Fancy-dress balls were frequent subjects of these parties; animal masks were used. When there were no such things, sources of entertainment were most often found at taverns, were women worked, over whom brawls often erupted. Singing was also of great importance to life and songs were used for all occasions, but especially at weddings - epic poems were a necessity of life whose continuity could not be interrupted.
After the defeat of Duklja's King Đorđe, and the exodus of his branch of the Vojislavljević family and their supporters to Rascia, Nemanja went with his family to their Rascian family estates. Upon his arrival in Ras, the capital of Rascia, Nemanja was re-baptised into the Eastern Orthodox Church in Ras' Church of Saint Peter and Paul. This mainly political action was conducted due to the dominating influence of the Eastern Church in Rascia.
On March 25, 1196, Stefan Nemanja summoned a Council (Serbian: Сабор / Sabor) in Ras, where he officially abdicated in favour of his second son, Stefan, to whom he bequeathed all his earthly possessions. This decision was not in accordance with the traditional right of primogeniture, according to which Vukan, his first son, should inherited the throne. This was not accepted lightly by Vukan. Nemanja took monastic vows with his wife Ana in the Church of Saint Peter and Paul in Ras and adopted the monastic name of Simeon. His wife took the name Anastasia. Simeon subsequently retired to his Studenica monastery and Anastasia retired to the Monastery of the Mother of Christ in Kuršumlija. After numerous pleas by his son Sava (originally baptised Rastko), Simeon left to the Holy Mountain, Mount Athos, and joined his son in 1197 in the Vatopedi monastery. In 1199, the two rebuilt together the ruined Eastern Orthodox Monastery of Hilandar given to the Serbian people by the Byzantine Emperor, which became the heart of Serbian spiritual culture. Simeon died in front of his son Sava, on 13 February 1199, in front of the icon of the Virgin Hodegetria (The Three-Handed Virgin) in his 86th year of life. He was buried in the grounds of Hilandar monastery. His last words were to request that Sava take his remains to Serbia, "when God permits it, after a certain period of time". Nemanja's son Sava wrote the Liturgy of Saint Simeon in Nemanja's honour.
According to myth, a holy oil seeped from his tomb. This is how he gained the epithet "the Myrrh-flowing". This miracle is said to have not occurred in the past 300 years. His body is, however, even in modern times supposed to give off "a sweet smell, like violets" (Kindersley, 23). It is because of this and numerous miracles that occurred over his dead body that the Serbian Orthodox Church canonised him in 1200, and declared his feast-day on February 26 (February 13 Old Style). In 1206 his son Sava brought his remains to Rascia. The civil war between Nemanja's other sons Stefan and Vukan was tearing apart the Serb lands. It is over Simeon's deceased body that the two brothers made peace and returned to their demesnes. Simeon was re-buried in 1207 in his personal foundation, the Studenica monastery, where holy oil again seeped, from his new grave. The Cult of Saint Simeon that was founded maintained his heritage and the foundations of a firm national identity amongst the Serbs. The Cult still lives on in Studenica and among the monks of Mount Athos |
manujmehta, taftabit, shaukatmi, tanburi, ayse51, dunav1, mikolaj_cava has marked this note useful
Only registered TrekLens members may rate photo notes. |
|
![Gold Star Critiquer [C: 65 W: 0 N: 7]](http://i1.treklens.com/misc/g-n-n.gif)
(734)![Gold Star Critiquer/Gold Star Workshop Editor/Gold Note Writer [C: 1156 W: 80 N: 2804]](http://i1.treklens.com/misc/g-g-g.gif)
(11824)